{"id":353,"date":"2016-05-31T10:24:46","date_gmt":"2016-05-31T09:24:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ahmetakgunduz.com\/?p=353"},"modified":"2016-05-31T10:24:46","modified_gmt":"2016-05-31T09:24:46","slug":"fatih-sultan-mehmed-istanbulu-kilic-gucuyle-mi-aldi-istanbulda-katliam-yapip-sehri-yakip-yikti-mi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ahmedakgunduz.com\/?p=353","title":{"rendered":"F\u00e2tih Sult\u00e2n Mehmed \u0130stanbul\u2019u k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 g\u00fcc\u00fcyle mi ald\u0131? \u0130stanbul’da katliam yap\u0131p \u015fehri yak\u0131p y\u0131kt\u0131 m\u0131?"},"content":{"rendered":"

F\u00e2tih\u00a0Sult\u00e2n Mehmed\u2019in \u0130stanbul\u2019u k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 g\u00fcc\u00fcyle ald\u0131\u011f\u0131, ba\u015fta Ayasofya\u2019y\u0131 camiye \u00e7evirme olmak \u00fczere, H\u0131ristiyanlara ait mabedleri yok etti\u011fi, \u015fehirde katliam yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve en \u00f6nemlisi de \u0130stanbul\u2019u yak\u0131p y\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenmektedir. Bunlar do\u011fru mudur?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hemen \u015funu ifade edelim ki, bu t\u00fcr iddialar\u0131, bizzat fethe kat\u0131lan Bizans tarih\u00e7ileri bile s\u00f6ylemeye cesaret edememi\u015ftir. Zira F\u00e2tih Sult\u00e2n Mehmed, \u0130stanbul\u2019un fethini de ve di\u011fer fetihlerini de, tamamen \u0130sl\u00e2m Hukukunun h\u00fck\u00fcmleri \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130sl\u00e2m Hukukuna g\u00f6re, bil-fiil harp halinde bile, \u0130sl\u00e2m ordular\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n \u015fah\u0131s ve mallar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 baz\u0131 fiillerin icras\u0131, yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ecd\u00e2d\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 zaferden zafere ko\u015fturan en \u00f6nemli sebeplerden biri, bu esaslara harfiyyen uymalar\u0131d\u0131r. Zaten zaferler, bu esaslara uymalar\u0131 ile do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yasak fiilleri k\u0131saca sayal\u0131m<\/strong>: Zul\u00fcm ve i\u015fkence ile \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek; muh\u00e2rip s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na girmeyen kad\u0131nlar\u0131, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckleri, sahiplerine hizmet i\u00e7in gelmi\u015f k\u00f6leleri, sakat ve m\u00fczminleri, ya\u015fl\u0131lar\u0131, hastalar\u0131, ak\u0131l hastalar\u0131n\u0131 ve d\u00fcnyadan el etek \u00e7ekmi\u015f din adamlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek yasakt\u0131r. Ancak bunlardan biri bedeni, fikri ve mal\u0131 ile sava\u015fa kat\u0131l\u0131rsa, \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclebilirler. \u0130nsan ve hayvanlar\u0131n uzuvlar\u0131n\u0131n kesilmesi (m\u00fcsle)<\/strong> de yasakt\u0131r. Verilen s\u00f6ze veya mu\u00e2hedeye ayk\u0131r\u0131 hareket yasakt\u0131r. Sava\u015f zarureti bulunmadan zira\u00ee mahsuller, orman ve a\u011fa\u00e7lar yak\u0131lmaz. Zina ve gayr-i me\u015fr\u00fb m\u00fcnasebetler yasakt\u0131r. Rehineler \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclemez; \u00f6l\u00fclerin ba\u015f\u0131 ve uzuvlar\u0131 kesilemez ve katliam yap\u0131lamaz. Ba\u015fta baba olmak \u00fczere yak\u0131n akraba, sava\u015fla ilgisi olmayan esnaf ve t\u00fcccarlar \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmez. Daha ba\u015fka yasaklar da bulunmakla beraber, biz bu kadar\u0131yla iktif\u00e2 ediyoruz.<\/p>\n

Bu h\u00fck\u00fcmleri, F\u00e2tih\u2019in Kazaskeri olan Molla H\u00fcsrev<\/strong>\u2019in kitab\u0131ndan naklediyoruz. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcmleri resmi kanun h\u00fck\u00fcmleri olarak kabul ve tatbik eden bir devlet adam\u0131na, \u0130stanbul\u2019u ve i\u00e7indekileri yakt\u0131 y\u0131kt\u0131 gibi isn\u00e2dlarda bulunmak, sadece delilsiz konu\u015fman\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fc \u00f6rneklerini te\u015fkil eder.<\/p>\n

Gelelim \u0130stanbul\u2019un fethinin hangi yolla oldu\u011funa ve Ayasofya meselesine;<\/p>\n

\u0130sl\u00e2m devletler hukukunun h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine g\u00f6re, sulh yolu ile fethedilen \u00fclkelerde mevcut olan ehl-i kit\u00e2ba ait ma’bedlere asla dokunulmaz; ancak yenilerinin in\u015fas\u0131na da m\u00fcsaa\u00adde edilmez. Eskiden beri var olanlar tamir edilebilir. Sava\u015f yoluyla fethedilen topraklarda ise, durum tam tersinedir. Yani \u0130sl\u00e2m h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131, isterse, ba\u015fka dinlere ait b\u00fct\u00fcn ma’bedleri yok eder ve gayr-i m\u00fcslimleri de s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edebilir. \u0130\u015fte \u0130stanbul, tamamen sava\u015f yoluyla feth olunmu\u015ftur. Ayasofya’n\u0131n ve benzeri baz\u0131 kiliselerin camiye \u00e7evrili\u015finin me\u015fruiyet sebebi zikredilen h\u00fck\u00fcmd\u00fcr. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, \u0130stanbul \u00e7ap\u0131nda tatbik edilseydi, \u0130stanbul’daki b\u00fct\u00fcn kilise ve havralar\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekirdi. \u0130stanbul’u Allah’\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131 ve k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n kuvvetiyle fetheden F\u00e2tih Sult\u00e2n Mehmed, Ayasofya’y\u0131 cami haline ge\u00adtirdikten sonra, papaz ve hahamlardan olu\u015fan bir heyeti huzurunda kabul eder. Papaz ve hahamlar heyeti, \u0130stanbul’u sava\u015fla fethetti\u011fini, dilerse \u0130stanbul’da hi\u00e7bir kilise ve havra b\u0131rakmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bu durumun devletler hukukundan do\u011fan bir hakk\u0131 oldu\u011funu F\u00e2tih’e ifade ederler; ancak kendisine, kendilerine ve ma’bedlerine kar\u015f\u0131 \u0130stanbul’un sulh yolu ile fethetmi\u015f gibi kabul etmesini ve ge\u00e7 de olsa toplu halde huzuruna geli\u015flerini bu m\u00e2n\u00e2ya vesile saymas\u0131n\u0131 \u0131srarla talep etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7evresindeki din \u00e2limlerine dan\u0131\u015fan F\u00e2tih Sult\u00e2n Mehmed, bu isteklerini geri \u00e7evirmemi\u015f ve camiye \u00e7evrilen\u00adlerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan kilise ve havralara, hakk\u0131 oldu\u011fu halde m\u00fcdahale etmemi\u015ftir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ya\u015fayan kilise ve havralar\u0131n ger\u00e7ek s\u0131rr\u0131n\u0131n, F\u00e2tih’in din ve vicdan h\u00fcrriyeti an\u00adlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 olu\u011funu, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin \u015fanl\u0131 \u015eeyh\u00fclisl\u00e2m\u0131 Eb\u00fcssuud Efendi, verdi\u011fi bir fetv\u00e2da vuzuha kavu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Bu fetv\u00e2n\u0131n asl\u0131 aynen \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n

\u201cMerh\u00fbm Sult\u00e2n Muhammed H\u00e2n hazretleri, Mahmiye-i \u0130stanbul’u ve etraf\u0131ndaki karyeleri unveten feth eylemi\u015f midir? El-Cevab<\/strong>: Ma’ruf olan unveten (cebr ile) fe\u00adtihdir. Amma kenais-i kadime (eski kiliseler) sulhen fethe del\u00e2let eder. 945 tarihinde bu husus tefti\u015f olunmu\u015ftur. 130 ya\u015f\u0131nda bir kimesne ve 110 ya\u015f\u0131nda bir kimesne bulunup Yehud ve Nasara t\u00e2ifesi el alt\u0131ndan Sult\u00e2n Muhammed H\u00e2n ile ittifak ed\u00fcb Tekfur’a nusret etmeyecek olub Sult\u00e2n Muhammed dahi anlar\u0131 seby etmey\u00fcb (esir almayub) halleri \u00fczere mukarrer edecek olub bu vechile feth olundu deyu \u015fahadet ed\u00fcb bu \u015fahadet ile ken\u00e2is-i kad\u00eeme hali \u00fczere kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ketebehu Eb\u00fcssuud\u201d.<\/p>\n

Bu anlatt\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131, tarih\u00e7ilerin verdi\u011fi bilgi de do\u011frulamaktad\u0131r. F\u00e2tih Sult\u00e2n Mehmed, 23 May\u0131s\u2019da \u0130sfendiyar o\u011flu Damad Kas\u0131m Bey\u2019i el\u00e7i olarak Bizans\u2019a g\u00f6ndermi\u015f ve kendisine \u015fu haberleri yollam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u0130lk umumi h\u00fccumda \u015fehir d\u00fc\u015fecektir. Bu ger\u00e7e\u011fi tam bir asker olan \u0130mparator da kabul etmelidir. E\u011fer sulh yolu ile teslim olurlarsa, \u0130sl\u00e2m Hukukunun kurallar\u0131 gere\u011fi, can ve mala asl\u00e2 zarar verilmeyece\u011fini; cebr ile fethedilirse, hem kan d\u00f6k\u00fclece\u011fini ve hem de sorumluluk kabul etmeyece\u011fini bilmelidir. Maalesef bu habere ra\u011fmen sulhu kabul etmeyince cebr ile feth olunmu\u015f ve buna ra\u011fmen yine de anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z gibi muamele yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayasofya\u2019daki mozaikleri tamamen tahrip etmemesi ve \u0130stanbul surlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131kmamas\u0131, F\u00e2tih\u2019in bu konudaki tavr\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor ki, F\u00e2tih Sult\u00e2n Mehmed’in S\u0131rbistan’da tat\u00adbik edece\u011fini va’d etti\u011fi \u201cHer caminin yan\u0131nda birer kili\u00ads<\/strong>e in\u015fas\u0131na m\u00fcsaade<\/strong>\u201d durumu, \u0130stanbul’da da tatbik olun\u00admu\u015ftur. Fener’de Abdi Suba\u015f\u0131 Mahallesindeki Caminin biti\u015fi\u011finde Rum Patrikhanesi ile kilisenin mevcudiyeti, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin ger\u00e7ek m\u00e2n\u00e2da din ve vicdan h\u00fcrriyetini g\u00f6ster\u00admiyor mu? Edirnekap\u0131 Caddesinin son k\u0131sm\u0131nda yer alan Mih\u00adrimah Sult\u00e2n Camii’nin hemen kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bir Rum kilisesi\u00adnin in\u015fas\u0131na m\u00fcsaade etmek, bu h\u00fcrriyetin madd\u00ee delillerin\u00adden de\u011fil midir?<\/p>\n

\u0130stanbul\u2019un harap edilmesi iddias\u0131 da do\u011fru de\u011fildir. Buna ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 cevap vermek yerine, \u0130stanbul\u2019un fethini ge\u00e7en bin y\u0131l\u0131n en \u00f6nemli y\u00fcz olay\u0131 aras\u0131nda zikreden CNN, Time ve benzeri kurulu\u015flar\u0131n yapt\u0131klar\u0131 tesbitden bir c\u00fcmle nakledelim: \u0130stanbul, F\u00e2tih taraf\u0131ndan fethedilmeden evvel, tam bir har\u00e2be ve \u00f6l\u00fc \u015fehir idi. Fetihden sonra, hem Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n ve hem de M\u00fcsl\u00fcman memleketlerin tic\u00e2ret merkezi ve mamur bir d\u00fcnya \u015fehri haline geldi. Nitekim Rus tarih\u00e7i Ouspensky bile \u201cT\u00fcrkler 1453\u2019te, Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar\u0131n 1204\u2019te yapt\u0131klar\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha insanca ve ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcyle davrand\u0131lar<\/strong>\u201d diyebilmektedir[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Molla H\u00fcsrev, D\u00fcrer ve Gurer, I\/282 vd.; Mevkufati, M\u00fclteka Terc\u00fcmesi, I\/343; Damad, Mecma\u2019ul-Enh\u00fcr \u015eerhu M\u00fclteka\u2019l-Ebhur, I\/643 vd.; Eb\u00fcssuud, Ma’ruzat, \u0130st. \u00dcniv. K\u00fctp. Ty. nr. 1798, vrk. 130\/a-b; \u0130bn-i Kemal, Tev\u00e2rih-i \u00c2l-i Osman, VII. Defter, sh. 62 vd.; Ba\u015ftav, \u015eerif, \u201cXIV. As\u0131rda yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Grek\u00e7e Anonim Osmanl\u0131 tarihine g\u00f6re \u0130stanbul\u2019un muhasaras\u0131 ve zabt\u0131\u201d, sh. 51-82; Cin-Akg\u00fcnd\u00fcz, T\u00fcrk Hukuk Tarihi, c.1, sh. 448 vd.; \u00c2li, K\u00fcnh\u2019\u00fcl-Ahb\u00e2r, c. V, 251-260; Solakz\u00e2de, 191-201; \u00c2\u015f\u0131kpa\u015fa-z\u00e2de, sh. 141-143; Clot, F\u00e2tih, 60 vd.; Kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f i\u00e7in bkz. Ayd\u0131n, Erdo\u011fan, F\u00e2tih ve Fetih, Mitler ve Ger\u00e7ekler, 66-67, 94-95, 127-128.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

F\u00e2tih\u00a0Sult\u00e2n Mehmed\u2019in \u0130stanbul\u2019u k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 g\u00fcc\u00fcyle ald\u0131\u011f\u0131, ba\u015fta Ayasofya\u2019y\u0131 camiye \u00e7evirme olmak \u00fczere, H\u0131ristiyanlara ait mabedleri yok etti\u011fi, \u015fehirde katliam yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve en \u00f6nemlisi de \u0130stanbul\u2019u yak\u0131p y\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenmektedir. Bunlar do\u011fru mudur? Hemen \u015funu ifade edelim ki, bu t\u00fcr iddialar\u0131, bizzat fethe kat\u0131lan Bizans tarih\u00e7ileri bile s\u00f6ylemeye cesaret edememi\u015ftir. Zira F\u00e2tih\u2026<\/p>\n

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